Understanding the Stigma Faced by Transgender Women

Understanding the Stigma Faced by Transgender Women Relationships LGBTQ Print Understanding the Stigma Faced by Transgender Women Discrimination Isnt Based on Evidence but Moral Panic By Elizabeth Boskey, PhD facebook twitter linkedin Elizabeth Boskey, PhD, MPH, CHES, is a social worker, adjunct lecturer, and expert writer in the field of sexually transmitted diseases. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Boskey, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Susan Olender, MD on December 18, 2016 Susan Olender, MD, is an assistant professor of medicine at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. Learn about our Medical Review Board Susan Olender, MD Updated on August 01, 2019 David Madison / Getty Images More in Relationships LGBTQ Spouses & Partners Violence and Abuse Transgender men and women face an incredible burden of discrimination in almost every aspect of their lives. Based on  a comprehensive survey of transgender discrimination published in 2016, the statistics are frightening. More than half of youth perceived as transgender have been harassed at school, with a quarter being physically attacked. Ten percent of all transgender individuals responding to the survey had been sexually assaulted in the previous year. More than fifty percent had been sexually assaulted in their lifetimes. Transgender people report discrimination in every setting you can imagine. They are harassed or discriminated against at home, at school, at work, and even in doctors offices. They are at enormous risk of suicide and depression. They suffer from disproportionate rates of various disease, including HIV. These burdens are even more intense for transgender people of color. Unfortunately, most peoples awareness of transgender issues is not the discrimination they face. There is far more discussion about the perceived threat to non-transgender people of giving transgender individuals equal rights and protection under the law. Bathroom Bills and Gender Panic In recent years, one of the ways that anti-transgender discrimination has become more visible is in public opposition to what is colloquially known as bathroom bills. Bathroom bills, more correctly called equal accommodation laws, are designed to allow transgender individuals to access the bathroom concordant with their gender identity. Transgender women can use the womens bathroom. Transgender men can use the mens bathroom. Unfortunately, many people are deeply opposed to these laws. The opposition is often said to be based on unfounded fears around sexual victimization. However, the reality is that it is more likely based on moral panic. Most stated concerns about equal access focus on the sexual and moral danger to women posited to occur when male-bodied women are allowed into traditionally women’s-only spaces.  Thats why groups  opposed to these laws often advocate by trying to  increase what some researchers refer to as gender panic. Gender panic refers to the threat that many people believe exists  when transgender women, who may still maintain their male genitalia, are allowed to enter women’s only spaces such as bathrooms. Rarely or never are similar concerns expressed about transgender men accessing men’s only spaces. This is presumably because women are seen as weak and vulnerable to being taken advantage of in a way that men are not. Similarly, transgender men are not seen as potential predators in the same way as transgender women, due to their early life female socialization. These concerns are fundamentally based on how our society talks about sex and gender. Our cultural norms assume that men are naturally disposed to being sexually aggressive and even predatory. They also assume that women have little ability to resist. Thats why one way to address this sort of gender panic is to educate people that having a penis does not make someone into either a man or into a sexual threat. Transgender women are women, whether or not they happen to have a penis. They are far more likely to experience sexual assault than commit it. In fact, their rates of sexual victimization are much higher than those of cis women. (Cis women are women who are assigned female at birth.) Did you know: Some activists use the term cis-gender to refer to people whose gender identity matches their assigned sex at birth. Others prefer to say non-transgender. The first group has a stated goal of getting rid of a transgender vs. normal dichotomy that has a long history of discussion. The second believes that it is more useful for people whose gender is the same as their assigned sex at birth to be categorized by what theyre not. Theyre not transgender. Rape Culture and Trans Misogyny Rape culture can make the presence of a penis in a historically female space seem dangerous, even if that penis is attached to another woman. Ironically, the way that femininity is associated with sexual vulnerability in American culture means that the very transgender women who are being framed as a threat by anti-accommodation activists are themselves often afraid of sexual victimization once they’ve transitioned and are living as women. The problematic assumptions are components of what is often called rape culture. Fortunately, they can be addressed  through education and changing cultural norms. Society must do a better job of teaching that just because someone is raised as male, they will not necessarily be sexually predatory. We must also do a better job of teaching that women have both power and agency in their own sexuality. Doing both these things would not only be helpful for society at large. It could also potentially reduce the perceived threat associated with transgender women who may or may  not still retain the visible sexual anatomy of a masculine body and are presumed unable to shed the psychological history of a masculine birth. Cultural education about gender identity could also help with these fears, as could explicit discussions of the fact that it is not the presence or absence of a penis that makes someone a man. Equal Access and Accommodation Equal accommodation laws are beneficial to the transgender population without posing significant financial or other difficulties to the population as a whole. Although the opposition is vocal, concerns are based in moral panic rather than on the evidence. Fortunately, history suggests that the best way to deal with discrimination based on moral panic is to reduce the legal acceptance of discrimination and segregation rather than enabling or tolerating it. Sixty years after Brown v. Board of Education, the majority of Americans find the notion of overt racial segregation unacceptable. With the proposed equal access legislation in place, gender identity-based intolerance and discomfort will hopefully go away as well.

The Theory Of The Existence Of God - 2362 Words

In, Meditations Three: Concerning God, That he Exists, Rene Descartes uses innate ideas in his attempt to prove the existence of God. The points formed deal with the allegory of the sun and the stone, explain that God is the only perfect being, explain that God is not a deceiver and finally prove the existence of the external world. In relation to Descartes proof of the existence of God one must understand that for Descartes innate means, having a natural notation of an idea within the mind. What must be known first is to prove the existence of God. This can be done in Descartes’ first proof which contains three axioms and three definitions regarding the existence of God. The three axioms are: that there is at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause. Second, something cannot arise from nothing, and lastly what is more perfect cannot arise from what is less perfect. From these three axioms, three definitions come to explain each point. First, the nature of an idea is such that, of itself, it requires no formal reality except what it derives from my thought. Second, objective mode of being belongs to ideas by their nature; formal mode of being belongs to the causes of ideas. Finally, God is a substance that is infinite, independent, omniscient, and omnipotent. The proof of God is already contained implicitly in the knowledge of the self. To continue with the defense on the existence of God Descartes mentions that he isShow MoreRelatedTheories on the Existence of God1110 Words   |  5 Pagesviews on God. Does he exist? Does he not exist? These questions can be argued with countless theories as to why he does exist and how there is no way that he does not exist or he does not exist and there is no way that he does exist. Theists would argue that God does exist and there is good reason to think that he exists. Agnostics, Atheists, and Fideists, on the other hand would argue that there is no good reason to think that God exists. For some people they have no doubt that God existsRead MoreThe Theory Of The Existence Of A God2025 Words   |  9 PagesTheodicy of God Men always wonder about their own existence. They ask questions that hinted an existence of a God. Like the common questions that was probably asked by all men; who created me? , what am I? , who am I? These questions lead to the topics on how Plato and Aristotle came up with their different theories that supports the idea of the existence of a God. The problem here is that we cannot know the existence of a God if there really is a God by just thinking by ourselves becauseRead MoreThe Theory Of Perception Of The Existence Of God1520 Words   |  7 Pageslargely in response to the theory of perception connected to representationalism. While the representationalist would agree that only sensory ideas can be immediately perceived, Berkeley s view dramatically differs from representationalism in that he denies the existence of material objects and, consequently, the causal role they are presumed to hold in producing sensations (Heide 15 Sept). Berkeley takes this immaterialist position to undoubtedly prove the existence of God while attributing to himRead MoreEvolutionists And Creationism : Theories About The Existence Of God843 Words   |  4 PagesThe dispute between the facts of how human beings and the universe were created, prevails for several years, and is a factor that currently remains controversial. Evolutionists and creationist affirm different theories about the existence of God, the existence of fossils and finally the theory of the Big Bang, which was introduced by evolutionists, as the main cause of the universe appearance and further development. As a result, the debates between evolutionists and creationists seem to be far fromRead MoreA Logical Argument For God s Existence Or Nonexistence1471 Words   |  6 Pageslogical argument for God’s existence or nonexistence is the cosmological argument. William Craig says in his book that there are three statements that give the cosmological argument form. Craig concluded that whatever begins to exist has a cause. The Universe began to exist therefore the Universe had a cause. What that cause was, is widely challenged. The argument against the existence of God includes the Big Bang Theory. The Big Bang Model is a broadly accepted theory for the beginning and evolutionRead More Nietsche and Evolution Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Darwin offered a theory that seemed to disprove the longstanding explanation of the Origin of existence. Darwins theory of evolution proposes a convincing argument that the universe was not created for a purpose, with intention, by a conscious God, but rather, was a phenomenon of random change. Fredrick Nietzsche articulated the gravity of the effect of Darwins theory on society. He said that when Darwin published the theory of evolution people stopped believing in God. Nietzsche wrote thatRead MoreBombardier Aerospace: An Overview1590 Words   |  6 PagesWhich argument for the existence of God is strongest? Why? An age-old debate that has existed in religious studies concerns which argument for the existence of God is the strongest. The existence of God is pervasive throughout the world, although the means with which people attempt to prove His existence varying in significant (and sometimes contrasting) ways. Although there have been myriad methods for proving Gods existence, a central dispute concerns whether or not to use a rational approachRead More Descartes Existence Of God Essay588 Words   |  3 Pages The existence of God has been a question since the idea of God was conceived. Descartes tries to prove Gods existence, to disprove his Evil demon theory, and to show that there is without a doubt something external to ones own existence. He is looking for a definite certainty, a foundation for which he can base all of his beliefs and know for a fact that they are true. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Descartes overall project is to find a definite certainty on which he can base all his knowledgeRead MoreTwo Philosophical Arguments for the Existence of God1460 Words   |  6 Pagesarguments for the existence of God. Throughout the course of this essay we shall examine two of the major philosophical arguments for the existence of God. The arguments that we are going to focus on shall be the Design argument and the Ontological argument. We shall compare, evaluate and discuss both the Design (or teleological) argument for the existence of God and the Ontological Argument for the existence of God, as well as highlighting philosophical criticisms of both theories too. By doing soRead MoreThe Cosmological Argument On The Existence Of God1444 Words   |  6 Pages Theories have arisen from many different philosophers trying to explain the existence of God; the Cosmological Argument is one such theory. The Cosmological Argument has been changed and reviewed for years; however, the focus has always stayed the same. The universe is a prime example that there is a God. A simple Cosmological argument states that: Everything that exists has a cause of its existence. The universe exists. Therefore, The universe has a cause of its existence. If the universe has

City Demographics and Crime Profile - 2474 Words

Running head: DEMOGRAPHICS CRIME City Demographics and Crime Profile Project CJA/550 Criminology Theory City Demographics and Crime Profile Project Demographics provide the specifics necessary to obtain knowledge pertaining to a city’s inhabitants. Attaining this type of detailed information is vital to the creation of a flourishing municipality. Demographic data can offer crucial material in relation to the particulars, such as the districts residents reside, the districts most preferred, the areas more highly safeguarded, high crime areas, the elementary schools most preferred and what type of developments residents want to see within the area. Verification is made by evaluating the demographic attributes of the populace, areas of†¦show more content†¦Despite activity type, activity location, and the identity of participants, in some aspect, criminal behavior will take place (Glenn, 2008,  ¶3, 5, 7-9). Changes Detroit, the largest city in the state of Michigan, unfortunately has been plagued with a high crime rate resulting in synonymous acts of violence, poverty, and urban decay. A multitude of factors are considered when determining accurate explanations of crime within Detroit. These factors include changes in land use, property values, transportation, and retail, as an individual moves further away from the city center. According to Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, Chicago School, a city was similar to a body and consisted of various organs. The theory attempted to analyze criminality from an ecological and social disorganization standpoint. This theory asserted that a city included distinctive concentric circles that radiated from the central business district (CBD). Supposedly, the further one moves away from the concentric zones, the fewer social problems that exist (Williams McShane, 2009, p. 86). The CBD consisted of industries, factories, and limited residential areas. Industries and factories encroached upon this zone, and although an undesirable place to live, the zone was the cheapest. A third zone was referred to as the workingmen’s homes. TheShow MoreRelatedCity Demographics and Crime Profile of Chicago666 Words   |  3 PagesCity Demographics and Crime Profile of Chicago AJS 514 October 19, 2015 James L. Smith City Demographics and Crime Profile of Chicago Chicago is a big and beautiful city in the United States, this paper will discuss the cities demographics and analyze a criminal profile. It will include the characterization of the city in terms of social and intellectual context and identify social factors that contribute to crime. A description of beliefs people living there would accept for explainingRead MoreProfiling is a Necessary Means for Discovering and Apprehending Criminals1197 Words   |  5 Pagestypes of profiling does work and is proven to help stop crime. This paper will explore the following: profiling and different forms of it, the closely related stop and frisk policy, different cities that have proven statistics that profiling does work, how airports are now profiling, and different serial killers that have been apprehended due to work from profilers. 9/11 led to a re-evaluation of racial profiling as a means of combating crime, and terrorism. Indeed, many people who have passed throughRead MoreForensic Criminology : Forensic Psychology And Psychologists822 Words   |  4 Pageswho a criminal is and what their mental state is. Career Review Problems that arise in court proceedings are one of the main focuses of a forensic psychologist. Forensic psychologists deal with both criminal and civil cases. They create criminal profiles in order to see how criminals will react in the future. This will be useful in court to determine the length and kind of sentence a criminal may serve. In civil cases psychologists are asked to assess emotional factors that may lead to traumaticRead MoreThe Importance of Criminal Justice1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Criminal Profiling Criminal Profiling is a method of identifying the perpetrator of a crime based on an analysis of the nature of the offense and the manner in which it was committed. It most notably can be traced back to work done in the later part of the last century, and possibly even earlier in a variety of forms. There has been a definite growth since this early work, with many individuals doing a great deal of both research and practical work in criminal profiling. The investigativeRead MoreIs Broken Windows A Broken Theory Of Crime?1130 Words   |  5 PagesWindows a Broken Theory of Crime?† Kevin Drum defines the Broken Windows theory as a theory which â€Å"suggests that tolerance of small acts of disorder creates an environment that leads to rising amounts of serious crime. So if police crack down on small offenses – petty vandalism, public lewdness, etc. – crime reductions will follow† Though this theory has been around for a long time, it is still not a sound t heory of crime. The Broken Windows theory is not a sound theory of crime because â€Å"the Supreme Court’sRead MoreMike Brown1282 Words   |  6 PagesLake City, Utah Mr. Dillon Taylor 20 years old white male was exiting a 7-eleven with his brother and cousin when officers arrived into investigate of a person with a gun call in the area. Mr. Taylor whom was unarmed and wearing headphones at the time ignored officer’s command and he was shot by the officer who is African American. Mr. Taylor’s friends and family held protest outside of state and federal offices demanding justice. Mr. Taylor incident occurred 2 days after the high profile caseRead MoreDisparity, Discrimination, Judicial System, And State Law Enforcement Agencies858 Words   |  4 Pagesthat more blacks commit more crime, and thus are singled out by profiling, and then subsequently incarcerated more often than whites. We will delve further into this phenomena in our culture. First, we will examine what exactly is referred to as disparity and discrimination. Disparities Disparity is deemed the unfair, or unequal treatment of a specific group of individuals by individuals of a differing group, such as the 18 to 24 year old age bracket that commit more crime, and are arrested more thanRead MoreThe Problem Of Local Police868 Words   |  4 Pagespolicing activities while still controlling crime efficiently. Horowitz data shows that whites hold the police in a higher regard than minorities do. However, race has not been found to directly influence how people form opinions about law enforcement. The effects of race were reduced or disappeared in the reported quality of police-citizen interactions when researchers controlled for factors such as the level of neighborhood crime, and other demographic variables such as age, income and educationRead MoreRace, Racism and My Community Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pageslived in the same community of Malibu Groves for the majority of my life. According to the 2000 Census, 93.0% of my community was African American, 4.5% was White, 2.3% was of two or more races, and 1.2% was Hispanic or Latino (Malibu Groves Demographic Profile, 2000). Today this percentage has risen and includes Haitians families. However, the percentage rate of the majority remains African Americans. Presently, surrounding the community are store owners whom race diversities of C hinese, Arabs, andRead MoreThis is a community profile that aims to identify a specific health improvement issue within a700 Words   |  3 PagesThis is a community profile that aims to identify a specific health improvement issue within a local geographically determined community. ‘A community profile is an attempt to describe a particular community or neighbourhood. It uses a variety of different techniques to build up a picture of the community from a number of perspectives’ (Barnardos.org.uk, 2004) including several components of a community such as its demographic characteristics, patterns and trends i.e. its epidemiology in order to

The height of the power of Roman Empire Free Essays

The height of the power of Roman Empire was at vast. Over one quarter of the world’s population lived and died the rule of the Caesars. Emperor Marcus Aurelius was in twelve-years of campaign against the Barbarian Tribe in Germania that was drawing to an end. We will write a custom essay sample on The height of the power of Roman Empire or any similar topic only for you Order Now His final wish before he dies is that to have a stronghold stands in the way of Roman Victory and the promise of peace throughout the empire. The film begins at the Roman battle for Germania, then a backwards land of barbarians. General Maximus Decimus Meridus leads the Roman Army to a decisive victory against the Germanic Tribes at Vindobona. The long war got ended on the Roman frontier and he earned the esteem of the elderly Emperor Marcus Aurelius. He has a male heir named Commodus. The dying emperor wished to grant temporary leadership to Maximus hoping to return the power to the Roman Senate. He saw Maximus’ abilities to lead and serve as an Emperor in Rome because Maximus is a principled man and he can command the loyalty of the army. Marcus wants him to end the corruption and to save Rome from partition. Marcus wants Rome to be a Republic again. Analyzing the Roman Society can undergo into these different kinds of perspectives, namely, Functionalist, Conflict, and Symbolic Interaction Perspective. First up is the Functionalist Theory. A Functionalist Theory explains phenomena through functions. It has two elements which are the view from the society as a system of interrelated parts that are interdependent and the general values among society members. So how can we relate Functionalist Theory to the Society? There is only one word for that – Change. Change plays a big role to Functionalist Theory. Society is seen as integrated whole. A change in one part of a society leads to change in other parts as well. Society may change over time, but functionalist believe that it will return to stable state. In the movie Gladiator, the people there are asked to become gladiators. They fight for their lives inside the arena. Many gladiators get wounded or die. That serves as an entertainment to the higher class. The gladiators are there for the glory of the Empire. The manifestation of this is that they don’t have rights. They can’t help it but to follow the rules of their ruler. It all comes to one label which is – slavery. The latent is that they are powerless. They have to follow the rules of their emperor because he is in the top. He is the highest among them. Which means that the gladiators and the other slaves are the peasants who they need to work for their emperor and to earn a living. And lastly, the dysfunction to this is that they are being abused. They are being asked to fight inside the arena. It’s a matter of life and death situation. The Conflict Perspective here is that the society is composed of distinct groups with opposing interests. The power and inequality are found systematically in the society. In the movie, there is an inequality between the slaves and the higher class. The slaves are forced to work for them and to become gladiators and fight their lives in the arena. The power is that the Emperor can dictate. They give command to the military, the government, and the people simultaneously. There should be a social balance to the Roman Empire. And last perspective is the Symbolic-Interactionism Perspective. This uses symbols to analyze the society well. An interaction between individuals is negotiated through shared symbols, gestures, and nonverbal communications. The symbolic-interactionism in the movie is that through clothing. The higher class can wear beautiful clothing while the slaves cannot. In all, there is still a question between the powers of the Emperor to the Senate. There is a large scale of happenings to the Roman Empire. The function of the gladiators within that society is to put forth a microcosm of the struggle. There is dictatorship and criticism among them. A Republic is a form of government in which the country is considered as a â€Å"public mater†, not the private concern or property of rulers, and where offices and states are subsequently directed or indirectly elected or appointed rather than inherited. The proposed solution to this class disparity is to give the power of government to the senate, which is elected by the working class, not to the Emperor. How to cite The height of the power of Roman Empire, Papers

Ethics In Accoutning Essay Example For Students

Ethics In Accoutning Essay Accounting EthicsThis paper will discuss the public perception of CPAs in todays society, pitfalls that they may encounter, methods to prevent some of these negative behaviors and consequences they may face should they fall short. Most Who Do You Trust? surveys rank politicians, lawyers, and used car salesmen at the bottom and certified public accountants at the top. That is because the CPA profession has a squeaky clean imagestereotyped as harmless men who wear thick glasses, do not speak too much, and have pocket protectors. CPAs are known and respected for their honesty. The accounting profession that goes out of its way to project that image, and there is a certain amount of truth to it. Not all accountants are fit the stereotype. Many of them are quite articulate. Some are quite lovely, and in some schools, more than half of the accounting majors are women. Also, not all CPAs are squeaky clean and respected for their honesty. Some are quite dishonest and are putting a black mark on the image of the entire profession. There is one area where the CPA profession has fallen short of protecting the public interest. The general duty that accountants owe to their clients and the other persons who are affected by their actions is to exercise the skill and care of the ordinarily prudent accountant in the same circumstances. Two elements compose the general duty of performance: skill and care. Another element and responsibility is owed to clients and other persons, that is that accountants should observe a standard of ethical or social responsibility. One set of difficulties concerns ethics educations ability to instill chosen values, and then to try to ensure that these values stay with the student after graduation. Instruction in accounting ethics is directed at people whose character-or lack there of-has largely been formed by the time the instruction occurs. Although such instruction should increase the moral awareness of those who are already predisposed to lis ten, its effect on the basically self-interested, indifferent, or unethical is questionable. Even those who are positively influenced by ethics instruction, moreover, may still behave irresponsibly if their careers or their livelihoods require them to act in their clients financial interest. Recently there has been pressure to put more ethics education in the accounting classroom. In accounting ethics education literature, the benefits of teaching ethics have been greatly influenced by the following set of goals presented by Loeb (1988): 1. Relate accounting education to moral issues. 2. Recognize issues in accounting that have ethical implications. 3. Develop a sense of moral obligation or responsibility. 4. Develop the abilities needed to deal with ethical conflicts or dilemmas. 5. Learn to deal with uncertainties of the accounting profession. 6. Set the stage for a change in ethical behavior. 7. Appreciate and understand the history and composition of all aspects of accounting ethics and their relationship to the general field of ethics. An emphasis on codes of conduct may result in students failure to develop discretion and judgment . . .which are more than simply a matter of what acts are forbidden, which are required, and which are permissible (Whitbeck, 1992, 128). Emphasis on rules may quickly become training in how to get around the rules while remain ing technically legal. While students must be acquainted with professional codes of conduct as part of their preparation for a career, most researchers on ethics do not consider such material to be sufficient grounding in ethical training (Fulmer and Cargile 1993: Adams et al.1995). A few years ago the American Institute of Certified Public Accounts (AICPA), the largest CPA membership organization in the world, decided that starting in the year 2000, new members would have to have 150 semester hour of college credits (5 Years) instead of the present four years to become a member (McGee). On the surface, that does not appear to any big deal. No one has to become an AICPA member to practice public accounting or to be a CPA, but there are several problems with this. Primarily, students (or parents) are harmed the most, who must cough up another $10,000 or $20,000 for a fifth year of education. Then there is the added cost of not having a job for the extra year it will take to complete the fifth year, so there is another $25,000 $30,000. This is not the only problem. Poor people and minorities, along with rest of us, will have to face an even higher barrier to be recognized in upper levels of the accounting profession. (Metzger 1061) As mentioned earlier, is additional education only going to make accountants more proficient at learning techniques to get around laws, perhaps using unethical behaviors? Moreover, at the same time force extra barriers on many disadvantaged people hoping to make an honest living? This may be only speculation of what could or could not happen, but it is a serious issue What are the consequences of these unethical behaviors? Accountants can be held liable for damages to clients and to third parties, and they may also be found criminally liable for violation of securities, tax, and other laws. For criminal violations, an accountant may be fined and imprisoned. Wrongful conduct may also result in the issuance of an injunction, which bars him from doing the same acts in the future. In addition, his wrongful conduct may be the subject of administrative proceedings by the Securities and Exchange Commission and state licensing boards. An administrative proceeding may result in the revocation of an accountants license to practice or the suspension from practice. Finally, disciplinary proceedings may be brought against an accountant by professional societies such as the AICPA. Most states have statutes imposing criminal penalties on accountants who willfully falsify financial statements or other reports in fillings under the state securities laws and those who willfully violate the state securities laws or aid and abet criminal violations of these laws by others. Accountants have great responsibilities to their clients and to society. As an accounting major, doing research for this paper has helped to open my eyes to the many aspects of my intended profession. I have realized that it is a very trustworthy profession, hel d in the highest esteem by the public at large. I know that I must take my job very seriously, because the reputation of my profession and myself is held in very high esteem, and I would hate to be involved in tarnishing that reputation. Bibliography Fulmer, W.E., and B.R. Cargile: 1987, Ethical Perceptions of Accounting Students: Does Exposure to a Code of Professional Ethics Help? Issues in Accounting Education 2, 207-219. Loeb, S.E.: 1988, Teaching Students Accounting Ethics: Some Crucial Issues Issues in Accounting Education 3, 316-329. Metzger, J.D.: 1992. Business Law and the Regulatory Environment: Concepts and Cases 8th Edition. McGee, Robert W., CPAs vs. the Public Interest. Dumont Institute, Ethic Information Center. Whitbeck, C: 1992, The Trouble with Dilemmas: Rethinking Applied Ethic, Professional Ethics 1, 119-142. Ethics and Morals

10 Body Language Tips for Success

10 Body Language Tips for Success You can talk a good game, but if you don’t back it up with body language that says, â€Å"I’m confident and know what I’m talking about,† there’s a good chance you won’t get the professional consideration you deserve. Think of body language as an extension of your work dress code. These 10 tips will help you perfect that extra layer of confidence in interviews, meetings, or conversations with colleagues.1. Don’t slouch.Slumping is one of the biggest underminers of strong body language. It suggests you’re disinterested or unsure of yourself. So make sure you sit up straight, and keep those shoulders up and slightly back (not hunched around your ears).2. Shake hands like a pro.The best handshake is strong, but doesn’t crush. If you grip too tightly, it can be interpreted as a sign of aggression. If you barely grip at all, it suggests you’re timid or afraid of confrontation. Extend your right hand to the shake-ee with your palm flat and perpendicular to the ground (with your thumb straight up if you need a guide to help you remember the stance). Do 2-3 hearty pumps, be sure to make eye contact while you’re greeting the person, and then withdraw your hand. Don’t linger too long, or it can get a little awkward.3. Unclench the fists.If you find yourself clenching your fists while talking to someone, loosen up. Clenched fists suggest anger or being closed off to the conversation, even if you’re not doing it on purpose. Try to keep your hands loose. If you need something to occupy them, try taking notes, holding them casually in your lap, or keeping your arms relaxed at your sides. If you’re looking to join a brawl, be sure to put those dukes up. In a normal conversation, not so much.4. Loosen those limbs.Crossed arms are a great way to say â€Å"I don’t want to be here† or â€Å"I don’t want to hear what you’re saying.† They close you of f from the person who’s talking. Instead of crossing your arms, try to hold them loosely at your sides, elbows slightly bent, or hold them gently in your lap.5. The eyes have it.The right level of eye contact can be a toughie, especially if you’re someone who has trouble with it due to shyness or whatever reason. Practice is really the key here. Spend time talking casually with a friend or family member and ask them questions about your level of eye contact. That way, you can find out what you may be doing unconsciously, and find a style that’s comfortable for you.Blinking too much can indicate nervousness, while blinking too little can seem like an aggressive challenge to a staring contest. Try to find a middle ground- and while talking with others, be conscious of your blink rate and how the other person is responding.6. Keep your emotions in check.No matter how annoying or wrong your coworker’s statement may be, don’t roll your eyes or let a sco wl show on your face. Try to stay neutral while you’re talking to the person. Vent later if you need to, but your facial expressions can show disrespect and sandbag your relationship with the person. It’s especially important to keep a neutral expression if you’re talking to a higher-up at work or an interviewer.7. Don’t fidget.Personally, I find this one the hardest- my hands just want to be doing something all the time, whether I’m hanging out and having a casual conversation or talking in a meeting. Moving your hands a lot or playing with your hair/watch/etc. can be distracting to the listener, and undermine what you’re trying to say. If you need to be doing something, try taking notes. If it helps to keep your hands still, fold them in your lap or on the table in front of you.8. Don’t be a bobblehead.Nodding too vigorously makes you look too anxious to agree or like you’re agreeing to something without really listening.9. F ace the music.Try to face the person you’re talking to head-on. Turning away makes the person think you’re disinterested or trying to hide something. Facing the person with good listening posture shows you’re engaged in the conversation.10. Don’t be a clockwatcher.If your eyes keep drifting over to the clock, the person you’re talking to is likely to notice and feel either insulted or rushed- neither which makes for a productive discussion.No matter what you’re saying, your body language can betray (or bolster) your words. If you ooze confidence, calm, and competence, your words will carry so much more weight.

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Essay Example

Non Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Essay Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Essay Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins within immune system cells called lymphocytes. Similar to other cancers, lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes are uncontrollably growing and multiplying. These lymphocytes are white blood cells that move throughout the body with the help of a fluid called lymph. There they are transported by a network of different vessels that make up the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. The main Job of the lymphatic system is to fght off infections or anything else that threatens the body. The lymphatic system consists of different lymph nodes located hroughout the body to help monitor the lymph that flows through them. These lymph nodes can be very helpful in predicting signs of possible cancer. The nodes will begin to tenderize and swell when a large amount of microbial organisms collect insides of them, indicating infection. There are two main types of lymphocytes, B- cells, and T-cells. Both are designed to recognize and destroy infections, however, B- cells travel through the body with the infection, while T-cells kill the infection directly. When these cells begin to multiply too quickly, they begin to build up in the lymph odes, forming a giant mass of cells called a tumor. Once this tumor forms, it begins to grow, invading the space of nearby organs and tissues, cutting off their oxygen supply. If these abnormal lymphocytes travel between lymph nodes, or to other organs, the cancer can spread and metastasize to other regions of the body, making it much more difficult to control and get rid of. Non-Hodgkins is classified and derived from either abnormal B or T-cells and has thirty different subtypes (Clarke 139). In the United States each year, about fifty-four thousand people are diagnosed ith Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, making it the most common type of blood cancer in the U. S (Clarke 138). The symptoms of this disease may be difficult to discover, since often times they may appear suddenly and be painless. These symptoms can include swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, or groin. This swelling may be painless and go unnoticed. There may also be discomfort or a fullness in the abdomen, feeling very tired or weak, shortness of breath, as well as fever and weight loss. It is important to get these symptoms checked out and monitored by a doctor to result in etter treatment if needed. There are certain risk factors that may increase the risk of Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, such as immune system deficiencies, chemicals, and older age. Certain medications that suppress immune system efficiency, as well as organ transplants, greatly increase the risk of new disease due to immunosuppressive therapy reducing the bodys ability to fght off new diseases (Clarke 142). There are also viruses and bacteria that have been linked to the increased risk of Non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Viruses that have been linked include HIV and Epstein-Barr virus, more commonly nown as herpes. Helicobacter Pylori, an ulcer-causing bacteria found in the stomach that has also been known to increase the risk of getting lymphoma. Although, more research needs to be conducted to connect pesticides with the risk of Non-Hodgkins, certaln Insect ana weed factor that is to be considered, although people at any age can get cancer, Non- Hodgkins is most common in people sixty or older. To diagnose lymphoma, a full physical must be conducted, as well as looking into family history. A oncologist will then be called in to review the findings and decide where to go next. When screening to find how far cancer has spread, several techniques can be used. These include x-rays, computerized tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging, as well as lymphangiograms. Bone marrow examinations are also common to test if infected with abnormal B or T-cells. The best way to test for cancer is by conducting a biopsy and testing a small sample of the tumor to determine whether cancer exists or not. Conducting a biopsy or fluid examination is the best way to get an in-depth look at possible cancer cells. Immunohistochemistry is a popular test used by pathologists y treating the sample with antibodies that attach only to specific molecules on the cell. Color changes among the antibodies can occur and be seen under a microscope allowing pathologists to detect different diseases present. Flow cytometry is a very similar process to immunohistochemistry, but allows a much more in-depth look at the cells by passing them through a laser. This laser techniques provides the ability to separate and count groups of cells. Flow cytometry can also detect whether the lymph nodes are swollen due to lymphoma, or some other type of cancer, or a non- cancerous disease. This allows doctors to better determine the type of lymphoma to be dealt with as well as the best way to treat it. Another way to determine the type of lymphoma is through cytogenetics. This technique inhibits doctors to take a look at the chromosomes in the lymphoma cells to look for translocations, which is common in some types of lymphoma. Other ways to identify the type of lymphoma is if the cells have too many, too few, or other chromosomal abnormalities. Once diagnosed, there are four stages in distinguishing the extent of the disease, starting with the least serious being stage one. Stage one, or early in the diagnosis of ymphoma is when the disease is contained to single lymph node region or in a single organ. Stage two is classified when two or more lymph node regions are infected on the same side of the diaphragm, or when a lymph node and an organ are infected. Stage three is advanced lymphoma when two or more lymph nodes, or a lymph node and an organ infected on different sides of the body. Stage four, or the widespread level of lymphoma is when the cancer has spread to the spleen, bone marrow, bone, or central nervous system. There are different treatments based on the type, and stage of the cancer, as well s other factors such as age, and health status. The most common and effective treatment for Non-Hodgkins lymphoma is chemotherapy, radiation, and biological therapy. Chemotherapy uses chemicals that interfere with the cellular division process, triggering a suicide effect amongst the cancer cells. These chemicals attack all of the cells, including the healthy ones, although normal cells are able to recover from the chemical-induced damage, whereas the cancer cells cannot. Chemotherapy is usually used when the cancer has metastasized, since the medicines travels hroughout the entire body, rather than focusing on one place. This treatment is done in cycles, so the body has a resting period in between to heal before the next cycle . I nere are some sloe erects tnat come along wltn It still, tnese Include tnlngs such as hair loss, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Although not as effective, there are also medications that can be used to boost the immune systems reaction to these infected a-cells. Rituximab is a biological medication that is a type of monoclonal antibody that attaches to B cells in order to make them more visible to the immune system to attack. This medication lowers the number of B cells, including the non- infected, healthy ones, however, the body will produce more cells, to replace these. Once the cancerous cells are dead, they are much less likely to reoccur. Radiation treatment works to destroy cancer cells by focusing high-energy rays onto the cells. This damages the molecular structure of the cells and causes them to commit suicide. These high-energy rays are usually emitted from metals, such as radium or strong x-rays that are created by a machine. Radiation can either be used on its own or in correlation with other cancer treatments. Side effects may include skin changes often resembling a sunburn or tan, vomiting, fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite. The most effective treatment to increase a lymphoma patients chance for survival is the combination of the chemical R848 with radiation therapy. With the growing knowledge of genetics, doctors are able to better diagnose Non- hodgkin lymphoma through the methods mentioned previously, allowing a much better prognosis for those infected. There are also new treatments being looked into to help better treat and prevent this cancer from taking peoples lives. Vaccines are ow being introduced as a way to help treat certain cases of lymphoma. It has been known for quite some time that peoples immune systems may help play a major role in fghting cancer, in some cases, some have been cured after their immune system rejects the cancer. With this knowledge, doctors are trying to encourage this immune reaction with a vaccine. This vaccine is used to treat, rather than prevent the disease, and is only available in clinical trials as of now. The goal of this is to create an immune reaction in patients dealing with lymphoma in either the early stages, or clients whose disease is in remission. Along with having very little side effects, when used in clinical trials treating late-stage patients whom chemotherapy was successful, the vaccine increased the time the lymphoma came back by at least a year. Increasing ones knowledge of signs and symptoms correlated with Non-Hodgkins can create a better prognosis of successfully killing the disease. The research of new vaccines that can help the immune system naturally kill the cells on its own can greatly decrease the need for other treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation, along with the horrible side effects that come along with them.