Gender Differences in Fear of Crime Anxiety

sex activity Differences in Fear of Crime Anxietyqualitative selective information Analysis Using Open CodingG subverter difference, anxiety and vexation of crime 1995IntroductionThis is a Qualitative Data Analysis done on the entropy set of Gender difference, anxiety and caution of crime 1995. Qualitative Research is development of concepts which help us to understand social phenomena in natural (rather than experimental) settings, giving due emphasis to the meanings, experiences and views of the participants (Pope and Mays, 1995, 31142-45). Qualitative Data Analysis is used in market look to congregate a thorough insight of human behaviour and the rationale behind such behaviour. It tries to illuminate the why and how of decision making rather than focusing only on what, where and when (Hamersley, 2013). In this report efforts experience been made to understand the behaviour of two flock (one male and opposite female) twain white unemployed below the age of 18 and belo nging to high crime ara. The report will try to go the entropy equanimous with respect to Gender Difference, Anxiety and Fear of Crime.Methodology and Research DesignThe objective of using qualitative research method for this hear is toTo describe individual experience.To describe group norms.To describe variations.To describe and explain relationships.According to Merriam (2009), some of the commonly used qualitative research methods include the hobby methodsGeneric Qualititative Research involving a free approach as per the research project in hand.Ethnographic Research also called methodology of the spate.Grounded Theory, an inductive typesetters case of research, is developed on the selective information obtained from sources interchangeable interviews, surveys, observation, review of records and quantitative data.Phenomology is the study of live experiences encountered by the participants.Philosophical Research, conducted by professional experts is used to ascertain et hics, illuminate definitions or to make an important finding related to their specific field of study.Critical Social Research is used to understand the communication between people and the development of symbolic meanings.Ethical Inquiry studies the ethics related to rights, duties, choices, etc.Foundational Research studies the basis for science, analyzes beliefs and comes up with ways to identify how the existing recognizeledge endure be changed with regard to new information.Historical Research studies the past and present in respect to the present scenario and helps to solve current issues.Framework Method wherein data is collected by transcribing interview or creating field notes while conducting participant observation or observing objects or social situations. It can be verbalize to be a combination of Grounded Theory and Phenomology methods.In this project I have employed Framework Method because it has the following featuresSimultaneous collection and analytic thinkin g of data.Creation of analytic rules and categories developed from data and not by pre-consisting conceptualisations.Discovery of basic social processes in the data.Inductive construction of abstract theories.Theoretical ingest to refine categories.Integration of categories into a theoretical framework.Qualitative tecs typically employ the following methods for gathering informationParticipant Observation, Non-participant Observation, Field Notes, Reflexive Journals, Structured Interview, Semi-structured Interview, unorganized Interview, and Analysis of documents and materials.In this project unstructured in-depth interviews using open-ended questions (without every preset questions) were conducted. The interview started with broad questions (related to the topic) and continued based on the participants response.An appropriate warning size for a qualitative study is one that adequately answers the research questions. For simple questions or very detailed studies, this might bei n single figures for complex questions large samples and a variety of sampling techniques might be necessary. There be three broad approaches to selecting a sample for a qualitative study (Marshal 1996)Convenience Sample This involves the selection of most accessible selection.Judgement Sample The most productive sample is selected to answer the research question. This can involved developing a framework of the variables that might influence and individuals contribution and will be based on the researchers knowledge of the research area, the available literature and evidence from the study itself.Theoretical Sample Theoretical sampling necessitates building interpretative theories from the emerging data and selecting a new sample to examine and elaborate on this theory.In practice, qualitative sampling requires a flexible, pragmatic approach.I have taken a sample data that includes a female and a male- both white, unemployed, belonging to high crime area and in the age group of 16- 17. The participants belonging to polar sex can give a true picture related to the influence of gender on the study being conducted. The female will be referred to as Participant 1 and the male will be referred to as Participant 2 in the coding table. Comparisons are made between the experiences of both the participants.Secondarydata is data collected by someone other than the user. Common sources of secondary data forsocial scienceincludecensuses, organisational records and data collected through qualitative methodologies orqualitative research.Primary data, by contrast, are collected by the investigator conducting the research.As is the case inprimary research, secondary data can be obtained from two different research strandsQuantitative Census, housing, social security as well as electoral statistics and other related databases.QualitativeSemi-structuredandstructured interviewsfocus groupstranscripts,field notes,observationrecords and other personal, research-related documents. I have used the interviews (qualitative research) conducted as my secondary source for data analysis.Procedure of Framework Method AnalysisAccording to the Framework Method procedures (Adams. et. al 2007 Gale, 2013), the following steps were follo link up make up 1 TranscriptionAccording to Adams. et. al (2007), A transcript of the interview must be made. Context is of primary importance. A word to word transcription for both the interviews has been made. Adequate spacing has been provided in the transcripts for coding and making notes. Both the transcripts are in comparable formatting. I checked all transcripts for errors by listening back to the audio-recording and reading the transcripts simultaneously. stand for 2 Familiarisation with the interviewAccording to Gale (2013), getting acclimatized with the transcript is an important part of this method. For best interpretation I have tried to understand the interview thoroughly by going through the interview transcripts repeatedly. Familiarisation through reading and making notes in this way also enabled me to find my way easily around the pages of transcript subsequently in the analysis.Stage 3 CodingWhile reading the transcript line by line, the researcher should apply a label or enroll that portrays what they have inferred as important. In more inductive studies, at this stage open coding takes place, i.e. coding anything that might be relevant from as many another(prenominal) different perspectives as possible (Adams. et. al 2007). Concepts should be named appropriately because people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them and these meanings are derived from social fundamental interaction and modified through interpretation. Open Coding includes labelling concepts, defining and developing categories based on their properties and dimensions. (Bulmer, 1969).Codes could refer to substantive things (e.g. particular behaviours, mishaps or structures), values (e.g. those that infor m or underpin certain statements, such as a belief in evidence-based medicine or in patient choice), emotions (e.g. sorrow, frustration, love) and more impressionistic/methodological elements (e.g. interviewee anchor something difficult to explain, interviewee became emotional, interviewer felt uncomfortable). Coding aims to classify all of the data so that it can be compared systematically with other parts of the data set. I have used open coding for this research project. I have used in vivo codes i.e. words that participants have used in the interview for coding (Glaser Strauss, 1967).Stage 4 Developing a working analytic frameworkAccording to Adams et. al (2007), a set of codes to be applied to all subsequent transcripts should be last(a)ized. Codes can be grouped together into categories (using a tree diagram if helpful), which are then clearly defined to form a working analytical framework. It is always worth having an other code under each category to avoid ignoring data that does not fit the analytical framework is never final until the last transcript has been coded.The framework consists of twenty-three codes clustered into four categories each with brief description of their meanings and examples of what ideas and or elements might be summarized under that code.The codes used in this data analysis and their descriptions are mentioned belowIn the above table, four categories have been made by grouping codes having similarities based on their common properties.Stage 5 Applying the analytical frameworkThe working analytical framework is then applied by indexing subsequent transcripts using the existing categories and codes. Each code is usually assigned a number or abbreviation for easy identification (and so the full names of the codes do not have to be written out each time) and written directly onto the transcripts (Gale, 2013).Stage 6 Charting data into the framework matrixAccording to Adams et. al (2007) and Gale (2013), qualitative data are voluminous and being able to manage and summarize data is a vital aspect of the analysis process. A spreadsheet is used to generate a matrix and the data are charted into the matrix. Charting involves summarizing the data by category from each transcript. Good charting requires an ability to strike a balance between reducing the data on the one hand and retaining the original meanings and feel of the interviewees words on the other. The chart should include references to interesting or illustrative quotations.The data has been summarized using the attached Microsoft jump out for each category. As portrayn below, the matrix for this project comprises of one code in each row per participant. Data has been abstracted from transcripts for each participant and code, summarised it using lineal words and placed it into correct cells of the matrix. A separate sheet has been used for each category (Please refer to the attached Microsoft Excel file for the details).Stage 7 Interpreting the dataCharacteristics of and differences between the data are identified, perhaps generating typologies, interrogating theoretical concepts (either prior concepts or ones emerging from the data) or mapping connections between categories to explore relationships and/or causality (Adams. et. al 2007).Themes were generated from the data set by reviewing the matrix and making connections within and between participant and categories. Analysis and conclusion has been done keeping the codes expeditious using the constant comparative method asking (Glaser Strauss, 1978)What is actually happening here?Under what conditions does this happen?What is this data a study of?What category does this incident indicate?The creation of theory is based on a core category. Without zeroing on a core category the framework method will nonplus irrelevant and unworkable. The core category accounts for most of the variation of data and therefore most other categories relate to it in some way. The core cate gory is a more highly abstracted category but still must remain grounded in the data. The major categories are related to the core category and these categories show how the core category works in the lives of participants.From the matrix table (in the attached go by file) we can conclude that the core category is Affects of crime as it gives an overview into the data set with respect to gender difference and the consequence of crime mainly anxiety and fear of crime. The different codes of Affects of crime are presented in the matrix table(attached excel sheet) with relevant quotes from the interview. All the other categories places of crime, forms of crime and tools used in crime are related to this core category.The following conclusions can be made from the matrix of the data with respect to the project objective of Gender difference, anxiety and fear of crime 1995.1. Gender DifferenceUsually females are not involved in fighting or killing activities in the area. It was only on rare occasions that they were involved in fighting And they were wi us, and they knew that Donna hadnt said nowt cos lettuce like wed been knocking about with them for a bit, and they knew that Donna wouldnt have said owt like that. But they never like went to stop Sarah from itting er, and I were only person who stopped Sarah from itting er, cos like she adnt done nowt wrong.(Participant 1, p.11) Usually the males are involved in illegal activities like scraping, shoplifting, fighting on the streets, burgling and vandalizing because they do not have any other good means of earning Well I know I started like getting into crime, you know, from coming up onto res publica. I think its all things that appen on estate you know crime. So thats only thing that I can really do on estate. Cant get a job where 29.50. Int worth it, end of day. So just go scrapping and things like that.(Participant 2, p.1) Both the genders do not show much keenness in studies and have dropped out of school without any fixed future plans of pursuing further education Dont know. cos like na I dont know I dont want to miss I like going out and doing different things every day. Not same thing every day. cos school, used to get up, get dressed, go to school, come ome from school, ave me tea, go out, go to bed. Get up, get dressed, go to school, come back, ave me tea, go to bed. So it were same all time.(Participant 1,p.22). I used to get since I moved from domain 45 I went to school. I used to feel that teachers were getting at me all time. I walked into class, itd be one of them. Dont start messing.( Participant 2, p.4)2. Anxiety and fear of crimeActivities like threatening, burgling, brick throwing and fighting on the streets have led to a feeling of fear and anxiety especially amongst the female population I was scared. I werent old. I were about 9 or 10.Participant1, p.7 They experience insecurity, are scared and nervous because of these activities. They have sleep disorders like nightmares. Sometimes I still ave dreams. You know dreams about im, and I wake up screaming. Participant1, p.16The males get physically hurt due to being involved in these activities. Males also feel highly unstable due to the violent and dangerous environment in the area as well as the activities they are involved in I said es messing wi bird, so Ive it im. and this kid stood at side, whacked me in face. And all me face were puffed up down ere. And I ad concussion for like a week. Participant2, p.144. ConclusionFramework methodology was used in the research. In-depth unstructured questions were used for the interview. The interview continued with the flow of response from the participants. The participants were probed to know about their experience of sprightliness in the area, the forms of crime they faced or were indulged in, their security concerns, the fear and anxiety resulting from the crimes, etc. They were encouraged to share their experience in detail with the interview er.Both the genders (male and female) are feeling scared, insecure and anxious because of their surroundings especially because of the crime scenario in the area. Crime in the form of burgling, killing, fighting, etc. could take place anywhere without any substantial reason and in any place like houses, cars, streets, etc.People were not safe in their own houses also. However, the situation seems to have modify over a period of time.5. Suggestions for future researchWould the scenario have been different if the youngsters would have completed their schooling and had they been given better employment opportunities? Would the area shape a better and safer place to stay in with crime rate reducing drastically.ReferencesAdams, J., Khan, H. T., Raeside, R., White, D. (2007). Research methods for graduate business and social science students. New Delhi sharp Publications India.Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall.Calman, L. What is Grounded Theory. The University of Manchestar.Gale, N.K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S. and Redwood, S., 2013. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research.online purchasable at http//www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/117 Accessed 21 April 2014.Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L., 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago Aldine Publishing Company.Hammersley, M. (2013). What is Qualitative Research? What Is? Research Methods. London Continuum/Bloomsbury.Marshal,M.N.1996. 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